NEW Stories and NEW Ideas!!

Greetings from the 2014 Bigfoot Forums Blog site! This year we will attempt to bring new ideas and I personally would like for a participation from the members here on the BFF. Please feel free to send me articles of interest as well as suggestions you would like to see in the blog.

During the next few months, I am planning on bringing some interesting folks in to for interviews. I will schedule that interview and post the upcoming guest here with the topic. I will ask for a few questions from you all to pose to our guest. I will then format a few select questions for the actual interview itself. Hopefully, this year will bring a new understanding of the bigfoot topic and bring new interest into different aspects of our favorite subject.
KB

Please Welcome our New Blogger!

The Bigfoot Forums would like to announce that our new Blogger is none other than KB Hunter!

KB has been on the staff at the Bigfoot Forums for quite sometime and he's well known in the BF Community. He's a Great all around Guy and will bring his sense of fairness and objectivity to our Blog. We couldn't be more excited that he has chosen to serve our forum in this manner!

Please join us in welcoming him as he takes the challenge head on!

WELCOME ABOARD KB!!!

Source Comes Forward

Steven Streufert has released a statement from the source of the conversation in my previous article "Did Bigfoot Once Have Wings?"

It can be found here:

Here is the statement in full: 

A statement from Rhettman Mullis re. the revelations re. Ketchum today: 

I sent Melba a sample through Tim Olson. I was first told it was viable. 

Then I began conversations with Sykes and Nekaris to do this DNA project in January of 2012. By March it was going public early. At the same time I invited Melba to work with Sykes as the projects need to have replication anyway 

That summer before (2011) I had invited Melba and Sally to become a part of Bigfootology and they both, understandably declined for the moment. 

Melba did not really answer me about working with Sykes...ignored me about it if I recall correctly. 

It was soon after that I had this conversation with Melba on March 12th, 2012, and frankly after the conversation I was wondering if I had done the right thing. 

It was a little while later that the project with Sykes became a go and Melba continued to ignore me about it. It was also at that time when our sample was no longer viable, and then later we were told that we never submitted a sample. 

My conversation with Melba was a friendly conversation that had a great deal to do with theology as in addition to being a behavior scientist, I am an ordained pastor and I found her conclusions highly questionable and from a psychologist point of view I found her persona highly concerning. 

Afterwards, frankly, I was okay with her not wanting to work with us because I did not want to deal with that since I work with clients like that weekly and I like working with healthy-persona people outside of work. 

But I am about the science first, and I thought it would be a good collaboration between her and Sykes if the science and methodology is sound. 

I am not qualified to determine the authenticity of genetic science and that is why I turned her paper over to Sykes and Nekaris and both did not respond favorably to the science in the paper. Genetics is not my area of expertise. 

So the conversation evolved and that is what is public now. I am under no NDA or sample contract. 

This was my attempt to push science forward and bring key-players together, which is what I do, I am a bridge-person, always bringing peace and people together, and some have seen me do this firsthand. 

Even publicly, on Coast to Coast AM when I gave my updates I continued to publicly encourage Melba to do the right thing... 

I have never attacked her privately or publicly. I just want her to maintain scientific integrity. I have always told people that I do not care who gets credit for the discovery, just that it is done properly. So no one can question the integrity of the finding and that is what has happened in Melba's project. Everything is now questionable. 

Statement regarding the release of the relevant parts of the conversation: 

For over two years I have encouraged Melba to maintain the integrity of her project and hoped for the best for her and her potentially-historic project. I withdrew that support last summer when multiple situations came forth and I began to see questionable actions and practices by Melba in her project. I maintained my silence and publicly continued to encourage her to do the right thing, but the situation has continued to decline. I am okay to stand on the sidelines for the purpose of keeping the peace and letting someone make their own bed of self-sabotage. In this case, however, it has become a larger problem when innocent people get attacked because they are being honest and I continue to say nothing while holding the evidence of her own words. Because I hold the evidence of her own words and I stand by and not let the truth be known then I become duplicitous in that attacking of honest people and that goes against the grain of who I am as a scientist and as a pastor. By releasing this I am not attacking Melba as that is never my intent, I am merely letting her own words show her for what she really thinks and what she is really doing in order to protect the many others who have been ruthlessly attacked and accused of being liars when it is not the case. 

Rhettman A. Mullis, Jr., MS, MHP

Did Bigfoot Once Have Wings?

Let me preface this article by saying that it is heavily credited to anonymous sources. All of them supplied screenshot evidence to substantiate their claims, although not all of them allowed the publication of the screenshots. All of the screenshots are from direct conversations with Dr. Melba Ketchum, so they aren’t speculation or hearsay. I will paraphrase the content from the screenshots I did not have permission to publish to protect the identity of the sources. 

The Biggest Contradiction:

Remember when the Angel/Alien DNA rumors were flying around? Robin Lynne denied them as can be read at http://bizarrezoology.blogspot.com/2012/11/claims-of-hominin-hybrids-living-today.html.

“We have not said that it has angel DNA . That was not said by anyone on our team, but someone else on the outside. That is very much a false rumor.”

Some even defended it by saying Angel DNA was an old term used to refer to unknown DNA. 

But then I read this:  Conversations with Dr. Ketchum - PDF version

I’m not going to bash someone’s beliefs. As a religious person myself, a lot of these theories have often crossed my mind. The problem is that if this is her belief, why the denial? If this really is what you believe them to be, why run away from it? And does the belief matchup with the science? 

And because someone will bring up legal issues, the above conversation came from someone who never signed a non-disclosure agreement. 

The Science: 

They share a 3% homology to human (which is closer to the ~80% homology of Lemur than the ~90% homology of apes) which is explained in an interesting theory by Dr. Ketchum. She said she believes after the initial hybridization, they stopped breeding with humans and interbred the human out of them. At time of hybridization they would be 50% human. How much time would it take to remove 47% of the homology?

I am openly asking any geneticists and biologists to comment on the possibility of the above, given the timeline. Would it be possible for a hybridization to take place, and then remove said hybridization from only the nuDNA leaving the mtDNA completely intact? 

Can you even claim something with only 3% homology to human is human? The claims of 100% human mtDNA makes it interesting, but Dr. Ketchum knew this. She specifically said the mtDNA would have to be made more important. The statement didn’t go deeper, but it leaves a list of endless possibilities. Was the mtDNA 100% human as claimed, or was it just presented that way? The absence of the full sequences as well as full DNA reports leaves the possibility of wrong-doing on the table. I am in no way accusing Dr. Ketchum of doing so, but this magnifies the problems of not having everything included in the paper. When you express the need for something to be made more important, it invites questions and scrutiny. Science should dictate what is seen by those reviewing the data. Not the author. 

This also explains the recent jump to the samples from Peru. Dr. Ketchum said she believes they might be the paternal donor. For more information on the Peru aspect of the studies, you can read the OTLS! blog. 

I still invite Dr. Ketchum to come forward and discuss this now that it’s on the table. There’s no more denying. It’s out and I think you’ll find that there’s a lot of people that will agree with those theories. The problem is proving those theories. Even the 3% homology isn’t explained or proven. The paper claims they are a human/unknown hybrid without any explanation at all about the reverse evolution back to the 3%. The missing steps need to be explained and show data. This isn’t just about a hybridization hypothesis anymore. Why was that entire de-evolution to a previous form never even mentioned in the paper? 

If this can all be proven, I’m all ears. 

Bigfoot DNA or Garden Gnomes?

As I pointed out at the end of my last article, I made a mistake in my notes. Instead of simply deleting my mistake when I realized it, I did a strike-through and left it up so that others would see that I am accountable for my mistakes. I will never claim to be perfect and if I do make a mistake I expect to be called out on them. She has since edited the paper and removed Sarah Bollinger from the co-author list. 

And as I also pointed out, there have been mistakes and contradictions in Dr. Melba Ketchum’s Bigfoot DNA study. I don’t point them out as a personal attack, I point them out because finding the truth is the most important thing in my job as part of this community. When I felt I was being spun after some rather simple and softball questions that I was allowed to ask, I felt the whole truth wasn’t being told.

The following will be a list of some of those mistakes and contradictions only since the paper was released. Dr. Ketchum is more than free to respond and explain to us why these took place. 

The Journal. 

• It begins with her signing up on Zoobank on Oct. 25, 2012. 
• The name of her paper and the species name is registered on Zoobank on Nov. 18, 2012. 
• The Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Exploration in Zoology is registered on Zoobank on Jan. 9, 2013. 
• A Scholastica page for this journal is created on Jan. 11, 2013. 
• Denova Scientific Journal is registered on godaddy.com on Feb. 4, 2013. 
• Denova Scientific Journal publishes Novel North American Hominins after she obtains journal and renames it. 

The editor of the journal is unknown. The editor of the paper is Dr. Rayford Wallace. He’s not a medical or scientific doctor though. His doctorate is in Ministry. 

I won’t even get into Casey Mullins and the blogger site that showed up weeks after the paper had been released. The timeline above is troubling. The sudden rush not only seems like a mistake, if was going to raise enough eyebrows to actually look into the rush. 

The Peer Review.

Dr. Ketchum has repeatedly claimed that there was obscene scientific bias against her paper. That was the entire reason for having to purchase the journal. 

tetzoo.com/podcast/2013/2/20/episode-3-featuring-bigfoots-feet

Darren Naish was actually one of those reviewers that rejected the paper. Around the 72nd minute, they start discussing the paper and Darren makes the reveal. He claims there was no bias and reveals the real reason the paper was denied. He would have been thrilled to spread the news that Bigfoot was real. But he said the paper simply did not prove the claims it was setting forth. 

The Paper. 

As I laid out in my last article, Dr. Ketchum claims there’s no more data, while the paper says otherwise. She supplied 2.7Mbp, 2.1Mbp, and 0.53??Mbp for her 3 genomes. A single genome should be approximately 3Gbp or even 135Mbp for just the chromosome 11 section. That’s a substantial chunk of missing data. 

When I contacted co-authors and contributors I was met with the similar response from all of them that bothered to answer. Here is one of those emails: 

Dear Mr. Weeast, Thank you for your email concerning the sequencing that we provided to Dr. Ketchum and co-workers. This work was performed as a fee for service. We have not been involved in the analysis of the results. Further, we are not at liberty and have no intention of discussing the laboratory results that we obtained with anyone but Dr. Ketchum or her colleagues. I would suggest that you direct your questions to her. Our core has only provided sequencing service for this study and we are not involved beyond that.All the best,Ward WakelandEdward K. Wakeland, Ph.D Edwin L. Cox Distinguished Chair in Immunology and Genetics Director, Walter M. and Helen D. Bader Center for Research on Arthritis and Autoimmune Diseases Director, IIMT Genomics Core Professor and Chairman, Department of Immunology

Notice he says there was no analysis done at their labs. None. Her paper claims otherwise: 

In depth analysis of all three genomic sequences (samples 26, 31 and 140) was performed at the University of Texas, Southwestern and alignment confirmed by the University of North Texas Health Science Center. Using CLC Bio Genomic Workbench version 5.1, a subsample of extracted reads were assembled to create a consensus sequence using the human chromosome 11 ….

So if they didn’t do the analysis, who did? 

And finally on Friday, Mar. 22, 2013, Dr. Ketchum posted the following on facebook:

The following was a unsolicited commentary by A. John Marsh on a genealogy DNA page which scientists use to discuss mtDNA origin. This is not the complete discussion . However, it sums up the analysis.
T2 BIGFOOTS FOUND IN 5 DIFFERENT STATES:
Along with the fact that all Bigfoots seem to have several different mtDNA mutations from each other, they also are found in 5 different states. It suggests that if a single T2b human female mated with a Bigfoot male 13,000 years ago, that the descendants of the T2b ancestor have spread widely in USA since then.
AGE OF T2b:
Web site
http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/121018/srep00745/full/srep00745.html
If T2b is 12-10kya, and T1/ T2 coalesced about 19kya, T2b might very roughly originate about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago.
THINGS I NOTED ABOUT MUTATIONS DIFFERENT IN BIGFOOT AND HUMANS:
One thing I noted was that all the 52 number diverse T2b haplogroup listed humans in the T2 project had a mutation 146T, but none of the Bigfoot had that mutation. It seems in fact that all T haplogroup have 146T. I am guessing that the earliest common ancestor of all Bigfoots had a back mutation on that marker to the CRS value.
Another thing I noticed was that all Bigfoots which appear to have been tested on the lower number markers, have mutation 73G. Yet not one of the
52 human mtDNA T2b persons had the mutation 73G. Why not? Was 73G a very early mutation in the Bigfoot line?
All the fully tested 4 Bigfoots had the 263G mutation, but not one single one of the 52 humans had 263G. Why not?
It seems all human T2bs have have 16187C and 16189T, but no bigfoots have either. In fact, all human haplgroup T are postive for both these mutations, so presumably in the common ancestor of all Bigfoots there was a mutation reverting to CRS.
According to the Ketchum knockers, all the mtDNA Haplotypes in her project are modern contamination. All of these Bigfoot haplotypes are different.
Isn't it a bit puzzling that all of these humans mistaken as Bigfoot have different T2 mtDNA haplotypes, all have 73G and 263G mutations not found in humans, and all seem to have had back mutations on 146T, 16187C and 16189T, where these back mutations are apparently not found in any human T2b s?

John.

That sounds interesting. Dr. Ketchum was very excited. An hour earlier she posted:

"We just received permission to post. There will most likely be a new paper come from this so we will not post the new findings but you will see enough of the proof to validate the paper. I am SO excited!!!!!"

I apologize for tempering your excitement, but the thread is from Ancestry.com, not a genealogy DNA page. And A. John Marsh isn’t a scientist. He is an architect. A landscape architect to be precise, so according to Dr. Ketchum’s analysis of doctors, would that make him a lawn-chair scientist? But he built the excitement to write another paper... Did she see what he said about Q30 scores? 

Does the Q30 quality scores of above 88 mean 30 times average coverage, and 88 percent of the genome reconstructed? Just my guess, I don't know what it means. But on the face of it, does the scores obtained hint at a reliable coverage? 

The Foundations.

All of her foundations have one thing in common. They are businesses. All of the payment methods point to her paypal address at DNA Diagnostics. Claiming to run a non-profit while actually operating as a for-profit business is a serious matter. Even the newest foundation the Melba Ketchum Global Sasquatch Foundation announces itself as a non-profit, but is only registered in Texas as a business. It is not listed as a non-profit, nor is it listed in the pending applications for non-profit license. 

You can do the texas look up here: https://ourcpa.cpa.state.tx.us/coa/Index.html and enter Global Sasquatch Foundation as the name 

You can search the IRS non-profit list here: http://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/ and enter the same name with Garland, Texas as City and State. You can search both existing and those that have applied from that page. 

This entire project may have started with a noble goal, but it’s obviously steered in an unknown direction. Perhaps the missing data also holds a key to the direction it’s going. 

As before, I call on Dr. Ketchum to answer the questions. There are plenty of qualified scientists that can validate your data if it really says what you claim it does. What you released doesn't. I'm sure Mr. Marsh is a great guy and it looks like he's done a decent job with his family's history, but for Sasquatch it's going to take someone a little more experienced. 

Based on a True Lab Report

The great tragedy of science - the slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact - Thomas Huxley 

The hypothesis of Dr. Melba Ketchum dared to answer one of the great questions of our age -- if there is a missing link, another hominid, a distant relative of humans and where this fits in within the evolutionary tree, all in one fell swoop. 

Instead focusing on the task of proving if they were real or not, she skipped ahead and declared  they are an extant species that arrived after the hybridization of modern females and an unknown novel hominin approximately 13,000 - 15,000 years ago. 

Many scientists have stepped forward to question the results presented in this paper, and while a few have raised questions about the number of haplotypes found in the near 100% homology to human mitochondrial DNA sequences, the real issue has been the nuclear DNA. 

Nuclear DNA holds the information inherited by both parents, unlike the mitochondrial DNA which only holds information inherited by the mother.  

Ridgerunner is a member of the BFF and a Molecular Biologist with 30 years experience in functional genetics. He is not what I could call an "armchair scientist." He had he following to say:

“During fertilization, the genomes from the two parents recombine, having cross-over events along the chromosomes at regions of homology, creating a novel hybrid chromosome. Given that mammals have similar size genomes, and primates even more so, the resulting hybrid chromosome should be of similar size to human if that is the maternal side. So the whole genome should be 3Gbp and the chromosome 11 135Mbp, give or take say 10%.  The size of the contigs (Dr. Ketchum) has provided (2.7Mbp, 2.1Mbp, and 0.53??Mbp) ,while appearing to expand the whole of human Ch11, are simply way, way too short if they are meant to represent the whole chromosome.”

Many of the critical reviews of the paper that I have read, have said that we must wait for Dr. Ketchum to release more data. "Only 1% of the data is there." But they’re wrong. The contigs are homologous to human chromosome 11, but it’s still only 2% of what should be there. (solely based on total DNA content the contig size of 2.7Mbp and the Hu Ch11 size of 135Mbp). 

In conversations with Troy Hudson, a spokesperson for Dr. Ketchum who has been very patient and tried to explain things to the best of his abilities, reiterated that fact multiple times. 

“All the answers to the questions people have are in the paper and data"

“The scientists and journal peer review passed it and understood it, why can't everyone else understand, but again that is why some of her scientist that worked on writing the paper said, not everyone will understand the results, because they do not work in genetics and DNA on a daily basis.”

“Melba said everything is in the paper, except the physical samples.”

“No no, she told me and I told you everything is in the paper.”

The paper contradicts Troy and Dr. Ketchum's claims though. 

"The DNA from these three samples was sequenced using the next generation Illumina platform at the University of Texas, Southwestern in Dallas, TX, a laboratory that sequences human genomes​75-77. On average, there were 70-110 million total reads for each sample in each lane, which is well over 90 Gb of raw sequence for each sample comprising greater than 30X coverage" - Next Generation Whole Genome Sequencing section of the "Novel North American Hominins." 

The illumina sequencing is not chromosome 11 specific, so there should be more data. Could this be the confusion with the 1%  number being thrown around? Melba asserts multiple times that everything is there and it is all that is needed to prove her hypothesis. Does she think the other data won't help that proof? Or did she only request the chromosome 11 specific data? 

So if what was thought to be 1% turned out to be 100%, what does that say about the data? Did they tell me that so that others would only focus on what's there, instead of what could be missing. That would be misleading, so I'll trust that it's all of the data, but based on what's there...

"The three samples can not be the same species, and are too far removed from any biological sample to fit in with any theory of evolution and are simply not human, period!" - Ridge Runner

Contamination has been brought up by both sides of the argument, especially when related to the Q30 scores. Dr. Ketchum's paper said this:

"Q30 can also be used to determine if there was any contamination (or mixture) found in the samples sequenced.  According to Illumina, a pure, single source sample would have an Q30 score of 80 or greater with an average of 85. However, if there was contamination present in the sample sequenced, the divergent sequences would compete against one another prior to sequencing causing a contaminated sample to have a Q30 score of 40 to 50."- Next Generation Whole Genome Sequencing section of the "Novel North American Hominins."

She used this reference here, which doesn't once mention contamination. The technical notes are a complete and finished project, like the paper in question is supposed to be. Q30 scores show how consistent the readings are, not how contaminated.

I attempted to contact co-authors and contributors listed in the paper and either didn't get a reply or was told they only did sequencing and did zero analysis on the paper. Some had never read it or offered no comment on it if they did. 

For the record, I am not attacking Dr. Ketchum. I adhere strictly to the “attack the argument, not the arguer” mantra. I am a reporter and have a need to find the truth. If something doesn’t sit right with me, I will obsessively dig into it until I find the answers. It’s an admitted flaw, but one that helps in what I do. 

When I initially inquired about the questions with the data, I was contacted by Troy and after explaining my position, was invited to submit a few questions that would be forwarded to Dr. Ketchum. The answers stalled mainly because of the confusion related to the “1% data” that was finally explained above. There was a constant repeat of the reluctance to deal with anyone in the Bigfoot community. 

As a writer that didn’t sit right. As a reporter, I took it as a challenge. It made me want to dig deeper. And I have much more information than is listed here, but sources do not wish to come forward at this time. I have my own ethical standards to uphold as a journalist. 

To Dr. Melba Ketchum and anyone else involved, I welcome a response. The truth will always be accepted here. If anything I wrote is incorrect, please correct me. I will evaluate your comments and if warranted post an update immediately and apologize publicly.

I have no position on whether Bigfoot is ape or human, or if it's real or not real. I'm not trying to prove anything. I only care that what is put out as fact is accurate and truthful. If there's more data, release it and I'll make sure it gets into qualified hands that will give an unbiased analysis. 

**Edited out this section until I can find my initial copy of paper that shows the changes. I can't print something as fact without the proof to back it up. Until I find it,  I apologize for my mistake. **

(Note - this timetable has been edited out of the latest online version of Dr. Ketchum’s paper - “Novel North American Hominins.”)

Publication of a scientific research paper is supposed to be the final stage of that research project. What are the ethical implications of editing the paper without a change log? Does this fall on the journal or the author? Both?  

An Interview With Mike Rugg

A little about Mike Rugg from his website:

http://www.bigfootdiscoveryproject.com/

Michael Rugg is co-founder of the Bigfoot Discovery Project (BDP) and Curator of The Bigfoot Discovery Museum in Felton CA. The BDP accepts the subject of the Patterson/Gimlin Film as the type specimen for the Pacific Coast Bigfoot or Sasquatch and seeks to create a dialogue about the implications of the impending "discovery of bigfoot" by conventional Western science. They are currently designing the Bigfoot Discovery Museum, scheduled to open in the Santa Cruz Mountains of Central California in the Spring of 2004. Its purpose is to educate the public at large about the probability of bigfoot and the current best guesses as to its habits and its place in the natural world.

As a child, Rugg spent many weekends and holidays on fishing, camping and hunting trips with his parents throughout central and northern California (his father once owned a lumber mill in Garberville). His first bigfoot encounter may have happened on one of those occasions. He has been collecting information and artifacts--while studying unknown bipedal primates--since the early '50's, when the first photos of Yeti tracks on Mt Everest appeared in Western newspapers. Starting as a scrapbook of clipped articles, it grew into a collection of related books, images and miscellaneous memorabilia. Rugg has lived in Felton, next to one of the last stands of first growth redwoods left in central California, since he was 13.

While an undergraduate at Stanford he delved further into his bipedal primate research via the microfiche and dusty old stacks of the university library. In March of 1967, he wrote a paper for an anthropology class (at that point, a culmination of 16 years of study) stating that the "Abominable Snowman Question" deserved further scientific research, accompanied by a map highlighting Bluff Creek as the place to find one of the "unknown" primates right here in California. The professor was not convinced, but did give him a "C" rather than the "F" that he had promised when Rugg first told him the paper's subject and intent. (Note: the Patterson/Gimlin film was shot just seven months later right where the map predicted.) Unimpressed with academe and the closed-minded attitude of his would-be mentor, Rugg abandoned his plan to pursue a second major in Paleoanthropology, left school, and opened an art studio next to his brother's woodshop in the Santa Cruz Mountains.

　

1. Chris B: Mike, I'd like to thank you for taking the time to do this interview over the phone. It's an honor to have you and I know the members at the Bigfoot Forums feel the same way.

Q: First of all, we've all been concerned about your recent health scare my friend, How are you?

Mike Rugg: I'm better now, I've had to change a few things with my diet and they have me on some medication now but I feel good. I guess the years of excess, eating whatever I wanted, have finally caught up with me. A change was in order.

　

　

Q: What first got you interested in the Bigfoot subject?

Mike Rugg: I first became interested in the subject as a child. I had my first encounter/sighting in 1950, I was 4 years old. Since this was prior to any real media exposure about the creatures, the only people to have known about the creatures were the actual witnesses. So my interest came natural after my encounter.

　

2. Q: That's very exciting. Can you describe what the creature looked like?

Mike Rugg: I remember it was very large. I was just a small child but I remember that it was huge, broad shoulders, covered in dark hair. I got the impression I was looking at a large hairy man. I remember there was what appeared to be part of a shirt draped over it's shoulder. This was a very brief encounter, perhaps about a 3 count. My parents called me, I told them what I had seen and of course upon further investigation, it was gone.

3. Q: Everyone seems to have a different opinion as to what these creatures are. What do you think Bigfoot/Sasquatch may be?

Mike Rugg: I think we have a multifaceted event going on World wide. Simply because there are alot of different beings reported. I believe we only need to look to the fossil record to determine what they are.

The Yeti in Asia by description and by the observations of it's locomotion, appears to be a type of ape. Fossils from Gigantopithecus are found in Asia and well documented.

We also have the Orang Pendek reports in Sumatra. Sightings of a small hairy man like creature. In 2003, small human like fossils were discovered on the remote island of Flores in the Indonesian archipelago. This new species is called Homo floresiensis.

As for North America , we have Homo Heidelbergensis. And there is now evidence to suggest there was also some interbreeding taking place with some species of primitive man. Another thing, we have to keep in mind is that there are feral humans as well. There are those species of Homo Sapien Sapien that for whatever reason decided to abandon society and live in the wild. So again, I think we have a multifaceted event and it's happening World wide.

　

4. Q: There's been alot of discussion on the Bigfoot Forums about the Sierra Bigfoot shootings and also the Ketchum DNA study. Have you been following either of these and if so, what's your opinion?

Mike Rugg: Yes I've been following both and it seems to me that both are a bit volatile subjects for comment at the moment. About the only thought I would like to convey is let's wait and see.

5. Q: There seems to be two schools of thought to proving Bigfoot exists, kill or no-kill, which best describes your thoughts and why?

Mike Rugg: Well that's a no brainer. Whether ape or human why kill them? They could be studied in their own environment and we could learn far more about them if someone was to take a Dr Jane Goodall approach.

6. Q: What's your opinion on infrasound? Do you think Bigfoot uses infrasound?

Mike Rugg: I've read that there is scientific proof of infrasound. I've had people describe it to me. So I'm open to the concept they do have that type of ability.

7. Q: What will it take to prove to the scientific community that these creatures exist? What evidence is required?

Mike Rugg: I think some tissue in a lab, or perhaps a body part. Tissue that can be replicated would likely be great evidence. The labs are gonna have to rethink how they do their testing. Too many times samples have been disregarded because there was a "human factor" present in the results. They need to understand that these creatures may be human in part and they definitely need to stop throwing out samples that have this factor with the common claim of "specimen contamination". Just because there is a human factor present does NOT mean the specimen was contaminated at the time of collection. These creatures may very well have a human factor within their DNA and if so, so be it. We need to learn from the results and not throw them out.

8. Q: If Bigfoot was proven to exist tomorrow, what do you think our role as modern humans should be?

Mike Rugg: If they have a language and communicate, I think we should treat them as people. They should have all the normal rights and protections bestowed on them as anyone else has.

9. Q: But what if they're determined to be a species of great ape without any form of language?

Mike Rugg: In that case I think we should study them but from a distance. This would be the situation where someone could take the Dr Jane Goodall stance and study them at a distance, to learn from them but at the same time not intrude on them. I think that funding would finally become available for this type of approach. And that's what we're lacking at the moment, funding. We could do great things in my own research areas if only the funding were available.

10. Q: Any thoughts on the Erickson Project?

Mike Rugg: I'm hoping it will turn out to be something great. I've heard there may be around 40 clips with some in HD. I've not seen the clips personally but I hope they all turn out to be genuine. The clips need to be released together with the Ketchum DNA study. I am a bit concerned about some (one) of the individuals Mr Erickson has associated himself with. I would hope Mr. Erickson would not associate himself or his project with anyone that could take away from the credibility of this work.

11. Q: Mike, we spoke earlier of the Ketchum DNA Study that's still ongoing. I'll come right out and ask, is the tooth you found included in that part of the study?

Mike Rugg: I can say that there was some material collected from the tooth that is still in Dr Melba Ketchum's possession. From what I understand it will not be used in this study as the material collected from the tooth is more ancient and they wanted modern DNA samples. I currently have possession of the tooth now, but Dr Ketchum still retains the samples collected from it.

12. Q: What's the most convincing evidence for the existence of Bigfoot in your opinion?

Mike Rugg: I'd have to say the combined eyewitness testimony, the Patterson Gimlin film and the new DNA work being done.

Chris B: Once again thank you Mike for taking the time to do this interview. It was an honor to speak with you again my friend.

Mike Rugg: My pleasure. I also have some video interviews available on youtube, just type in "Bigfoot Discovery Museum".